نشریه مهندسی نقشه برداری و اطلاعات مکانی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، اسفند 1391)

Fair location for fire stations is a significant point to save and protect property and life's people. So, fair position of fire stations is one of the most important factors that could reduce damage caused by incidents. Therefore appropriate dispersal of fire stations must be created in the city. So, resolving optimum site selection problem for fire stations is the most problem that engaged municipal managers. Basically, optimum site selection problem for fire stations is a semi-structured and complex problem with great criteria and sometimes inconsistent. Geospatial Information System, as a tool for management, spatial data analyzing, is a powerful alternative to facilitate solving optimum site selection problems. GIS cant solve these problems, therefore it's fair to incorporate GIS to other method and applications to investigate and solve problems. Fuzzy system is one of the aforementioned methods that help decision makers in this condition. In fact fuzzy system has enough ability to implement expert's knowledge, and it's the most prominent property. Therefore combination of GIS and Fuzzy Inference Systems is able to solve spread extent of optimum site selection problems. In this paper, combination of GIS and two FIS, Takagi-Sugeno and Assilan-Mamdani, was implemented to determine optimum sites for fire stations and compare these systems together. Also efficiency of different Defuzzification methods and implication in Takagi-Sugeno and Assilan-Mamdani Fuzzy systems compared through TOPSIS and SAW (MCDM methods). Outputs implied that it is possible to use fuzzy methods instead of MCDMs and traditional methods in spatial-driven decisions and Takagi-Sugeno has more efficiency in compare with Assilan-Mamdani inference system (Coefficient correlation was 1 for Takagi-Sugeno and 0.96 for TOPSIS and SAW).

One of the most important steps in road construction is the initial route design step or the zero-phase study. Before road construction, there must be a comprehensive checkup for the region around the site to detect the most safest and economical route. Nowadays, it is obvious that not much paying attention to the environmental geology and the safety of the developmental plans will lead to the waste of land resources, environmental and economic disaster which is completely against sustainable development between related communities. In order to eliminate economic and environmental damages, the zero phase study of the region and gathering of information is necessary. The main purpose in this article is to present the optimal route of the environmental geology, engineering and economic from Kabudarahang County in Hamadan province to Saveh County in Markazi province. Therefore the optimal and smallest route between mentioned regions considering the geology (lithology, Layers geometric, faults and joints), rivers, topography, vegetation coverage, land use and protected areas has been designed. In the first of the achieving purpose, informational layers from different resources were gathered. Then, these vector layers converted to raster layers and after performing the geo-referencing step, the comparison of layers was possible. Therefore the weight function of each layer in comparison of each criterion was calculated to evaluate different information layers. Then Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was utilized to compare the results from different information layers. Results gathered from AHP in ArcGIS program shows that presented routing is more favorable in environmental geology and do less pass from regions covered by vegetation or even rivers and faults. In other hands, designed route will lead to time and design cost savings. All the mentioned parameters are ways to achieve the optimal route. In addition to benefits of designed route in environmental geology in spite of constructed route, results show that the designed route is shorter than the existing route. Also the cut/fill operation volume of the new route will lead to reduce the costs of constructions.

Irregular and excessive extension of urban areas is one of the major problems of urban managers and planners. In this condition, identification and prediction of the direction of the future city’s extension can be useful to monitor and manage the cities. In this study by combination of cellular automata (CA) and ordered weighted averaging techniques a simple and powerful model is proposed for modeling urban extensions. Combinations of dynamic models such as CA and multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods rarely have been used in previous researches, especially in urban extension subject. Despite the capabilities of CA method in the field of spatial modeling, it is faced by fundamental problems in considering the uncertainty of natural phenomena. While ordered weighted average (OWA) methods can be used to control non deterministic phenomena by providing fuzzy set of quantifiers and producing different scenarios for different situations. In this research, CA and OWA methods are integrated to model extension of Shiraz city from 1383 to 1388. Comparison of the results of CA-OWA model with real data shows accurately of 78% for the best scenario, while the traditional CA method results an accuracy of 74%.

Ambient intelligent as a kind of context aware system refers to an environment that is sensitive to attendance of persons in one restrict area also able to satisfy needs and doing information system. Uncertainty always is unavoidable factor in all context-aware systems. Ambient intelligent as a context-aware system has different aspects of uncertainty. The objective of this study is scrutiny roots of different kind of uncertainty those are present in ambient intelligent. The most important spatial aspects of uncertainty in ambient intelligent includes uncertainty originated from error in positioning of user, uncertainty originated from ambiguity in clear definition of intelligent limits, inconsistency between sensors information and deficiency in data. Considering different kind of spatial uncertainty in ambient intelligent, we will show that spatial uncertainty modeling is unavoidable in this system. According to our implementation, an ambient intelligent complexity increased and leads to decreasing efficiency but with considering spatial uncertainty existing condition modeled better and become more realistic.

C4I stands for command, control, communications, computers, and (military) intelligence. C4I systems collect, retrieve, analyze and disseminate temporal data which are critical to achieving mission objectives. One of the most important parts of a C4I system is sensors which provide necessary information for the system. Sensor Web refers to web accessible sensor networks and archived sensor data that can be discovered and accessed using standard protocols and application program interfaces. In this paper we review the concepts of C4I and importance of adapting a new approaches to using spatial information technology, interoperability architecture, flexible and scalable for command and control management system based on SWE framework for collection and analyzing the data provided by sensors.

Today, a complete large scale city map which enables access to geometric as well as visual information is required by most organizations. There exist a number of problems such as moving objects and occlusions which affect the development of such maps. In this regard, the use of stereo panoramas is an image based solution which has attracted the developers and users of city maps. This is due to the fact that stereo panoramas besides offering a visual and complete view of surrounding static and moving are simple to create. There exist a number of techniques which are used to develop stereo panoramas. This paper, reviews these techniques from the projection as well as the geometrical stand points. The review includes systems offered for image acquisition, stereo panorama generation, geometric measurement and representation, and their related problems and offers some issues for future researches in this area.